![]() ) Then in 1848, a certain "J.T.R." coined "Able was I ere I saw Elba", which became famous after it was (implausibly) attributed to Napoleon (alluding to his exile on Elba). ![]() (Taylor had also composed two other, "rather indifferent", palindromic lines of poetry: "Deer Madam, Reed", "Deem if I meed". This is generally considered the first English-language palindrome sentence and was long reputed, notably by the grammarian James "Hermes" Harris, to be the only one, despite many efforts to find others. In English, there are many palindrome words such as eye, madam, and deified, but English writers generally cited Latin and Greek palindromic sentences in the early 19th century though John Taylor had coined one in 1614: "Lewd did I live, & evil I did dwel" (with the ampersand being something of a "fudge" ). The second word, borrowed from Greek, should properly be spelled gyrum. It is likely that this palindrome is from medieval rather than ancient times. The palindromic Latin riddle " In girum imus nocte et consumimur igni" 'we go in a circle at night and are consumed by fire' describes the behavior of moths. Ī 12th-century palindrome with the same square property is the Hebrew palindrome, פרשנו רעבתן שבדבש נתבער ונשרף perashnu: ra`avtan shebad'vash nitba`er venisraf 'We explained the glutton who is in the honey was burned and incinerated', credited to Abraham ibn Ezra in 1924, and referring to the halachic question as to whether a fly landing in honey makes the honey treif (non-kosher). Mary's) Worlingworth Harlow Knapton London ( St Martin, Ludgate) and Hadleigh (Suffolk). Menin's Abbey) Dulwich College Nottingham ( St. The inscription is found on fonts in many churches in Western Europe: Orléans (St. Nipson anomēmata mē monan opsin palindrome, on a font at St Martin, Ludgateīyzantine baptismal fonts were often inscribed with the 4th-century Greek palindrome, ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ (or ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑ) ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ (" Nipson anomēmata mē monan opsin") 'Wash sin(s), not only face', attributed to Gregory of Nazianzus most notably in the basilica of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. Indeed, composing palindromes was "a pastime of Roman landed gentry". Other palindromes found at Pompeii include "Roma-Olina-Milo-Amor", which is also written as an acrostic square. Hence, it can be arranged into a word square that reads in four different ways: horizontally or vertically from either top left to bottom right or bottom right to top left. It is also an acrostic where the first letters of each word form the first word, the second letters form the second word, and so forth. This palindrome, known as the Sator Square, consists of a sentence written in Latin: sator arepo tenet opera rotas 'The sower Arepo holds with effort the wheels'. Ī 1st-century Latin palindrome was found as a graffito at Pompeii. The ancient Greek poet Sotades (3rd-century BC) invented a form of Ionic meter called Sotadic or Sotadean verse, which is sometimes said to have been palindromic, since it is sometimes possible to make a sotadean line by reversing a dactylic hexameter. Historical development A Sator square (in SATOR-form), on a wall in the medieval fortress town of Oppède-le-Vieux, France crab-like) to refer to letter-by-letter reversible writing. It is derived from the Greek roots πάλιν 'again' and δρóμος 'way, direction' a different word is used in Greek, καρκινικός 'carcinic' (lit. ![]() The word palindrome was introduced by English poet and writer Henry Peacham in 1638. In automata theory, the set of all palindromes over an alphabet is a context-free language, but it is not regular. ![]() Palindromes are also found in music (the table canon and crab canon) and biological structures (most genomes include palindromic gene sequences). The concept of a palindrome can be dated to the 3rd-century BCE, although no examples survive the first physical examples can be dated to the 1st-century CE with the Latin acrostic word square, the Sator Square (contains both word and sentence palindromes), and the 4th-century Greek Byzantine sentence palindrome nipson anomemata me monan opsin. The 19-letter Finnish word saippuakivikauppias (a soapstone vendor), is the longest single-word palindrome in everyday use, while the 12-letter term tattarrattat (from James Joyce in Ulysses) is the longest in English. The 4th-century Greek palindrome: ΝΙΨΟΝ ΑΝΟΜΗΜΑΤΑ ΜΗ ΜΟΝΑΝ ΟΨΙΝ ( Wash your sins, not only your face), at the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.Ī palindrome is a word, number, phrase, or other sequence of symbols that reads the same backwards as forwards, such as madam or racecar, the date and time 12/21/33 12:21, and the sentence: "A man, a plan, a canal – Panama".
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